Items that do not fit any of the other categories are often lumped together under the term particles. (See the Oxford Bibliographies articles Pronouns, Determiners), Adpositions, Numerals, Auxiliaries, and Copula.) On the other hand, they include Interjections and Ideophones, which are often seen to be at the boundaries of the language system. The latter include, on the one hand, some smallish, closed word classes which are internally tightly structured such as pronouns, demonstratives and articles, and conjunctions. It is common to distinguish between major word classes (comprising nouns, verbs, adjectives, and sometimes also adverbs and adpositions) and minor word classes. Some authors hold that they refer to substantially different classifications, while others consider them largely synonymous. These terms highlight different aspects of grammatical word classification (morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics/discourse). These include, in particular, syntactic or grammatical categories, lexical categories, and the traditional term parts of speech. Word classes are thus a typical interface phenomenon and their pivotal role is reflected in the fact that there are a number of different terms used to refer to them. Grammatical rules are stated in terms of word classes and there is a mutual dependency between the grammatical rule system and the word class system. Their critical position is due to the fact that they provide central building blocks for the architecture of grammars and of lexical entries in dictionaries. Word classes are among the very few grammatical concepts that have continuously played a central role in grammatical theory and grammar writing throughout the two and a half millenia of documented linguistic enquiry in the Western world.
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